2013년 11월 27일 수요일

About 'universities in chicago suburbs'|...will be making that a major issue in this campaign as you seek votes in the inner city of Chicago as well as troubled [education] areas throughout the state of Illinois...







About 'universities in chicago suburbs'|...will be making that a major issue in this campaign as you seek votes in the inner city of Chicago as well as troubled [education] areas throughout the state of Illinois...








In               the               United               States,               cities               have               consistently               been               associated               with               high               concentrations               of               crime               when               compared               to               suburban               or               rural               areas.

According               to               Edward               Glaeser,               the               probability               of               being               victimized               by               criminal               activity               in               areas               with               populations               greater               than               one               million               is               21.7%               while               the               probability               in               areas               with               under               10,000               people               is               only               9.4%.

Demographic               differences               between               these               areas               have               been               pronounced               since               World               War               II,               and               help               explain               the               dramatic               disparity               between               crime               rates.

Two               major               demographic               changes               cities               have               experienced               recently               are               "white               flight"               migration               to               the               suburbs               leaving               a               lower               class               concentration               in               the               cities               and               international               immigration               largely               to               urban               areas.

Middle               class               suburban               migration               and               international               immigration               have               directly               affected               crime               rates               in               urban               areas,               but               they               have               also               led               to               additional               demographic               changes               including               differences               in               age               and               household               composition,               which               have               further               impacted               crime               rates               in               cities.

"White               flight"               suburban               migration               occurred               after               the               Second               World               War               and               left               a               disproportionately               high               concentration               of               poverty               and               subsequent               crime               in               the               cities.

As               the               middle               class               left               the               cities,               their               tax               dollars               left               as               well,               causing               urban               policing               to               be               poorly               funded.

With               an               inferior               police               force,               the               already               desperate               urban               population               faces               fewer               consequences               to               criminal               activity,               resulting               in               a               dramatic               increase               in               crime.

In               addition,               money               to               aid               this               urban               problem               is               typically               allocated               to               the               state,               which,               in               turn,               is               given               to               suburbs               to               further               improve               policing               there.

During               the               1980's               when               crime               reached               a               peak               as               cocaine               grew               in               popularity,               President               Reagan               fought               this               trend               in               crime               with               increased               funding               to               the               state,               which               supported               the               suburbs.

Even               some               lower               class               migration               to               the               suburbs               introduced               higher               concentrations               of               crime               because               lower               class               migrants               tend               to               leave               to               escape               the               crime.

Glaeser               asserts,               "poorer               individuals               fleeing               cities               are               more               likely               to               cite               crime               as               their               primary               reason               for               flight."               However,               when               "white               flight"               has               led               to               an               African               American               majority               within               the               city               as               with               Atlanta,               Washington               D.C.,               and               Birmingham,               crime               can               decline               to               some               extent.

These               communities               tend               to               elect               African               American               mayors               who               appoint               African               American               police               chiefs               and               police               forces.

According               to               the               racial               threat               hypothesis,               this               can               lead               to               a               decrease               in               crime               as               the               population               is               more               comfortable               with               its               law               enforcement               as               well               as               a               decrease               in               police               shootings               as               the               police               is               more               comfortable               with               its               city.
               Immigration,               however,               brings               a               population               that               is               largely               uninvolved               with               police               activity               to               cities               and,               thus               increases               urban               crime               rates.

Attracted               by               the               economic               diversity,               low-wage               labor               opportunities,               and               social               networking               crated               by               population               concentration,               immigrants               flock               to               cities,               and               have               become               largely               responsible               for               the               curbing               of               urban               population               decline               in               some               areas.

Unfortunately,               this               immigrant               population               is               largely               Spanish-speaking               or               uneducated               Latino               immigrants.

According               to               Chicago               studies               conducted               by               Wesley               Skogan,               language               barrier               and               lack               of               education               are               factors               closely               tied               with               criminal               activities               in               cities.

Throughout               the               1990's               Latinos               observed               an               increase               in               crime               in               their               Chicago               communities               while               White               and               African               American               communities               reported               a               general               decrease               over               the               decade.

Within               these               Latino               communities,               Spanish-speaking               households               and               uneducated               households               reported               the               highest               incidents               of               crime.

The               influx               of               undocumented               immigrants               aids               this               trend               as               they               often               speak               Spanish               or               are               less               educated.

Criminal               activity               is               common               amongst               these               immigrants               because               they               have               few               resources               and               avoid               police               to               escape               problems               concerning               their               legal               status.

Some               cities               such               as               Houston               have               noticed               this               issue               and               have               tried               to               combat               it               by               establishing               themselves               as               sanctuary               cities               that               do               not               enforce               immigration               laws.

This               fosters               better               relationships               between               the               police               and               the               immigrant               population.
               While               both               suburban               migration               and               immigration               have               directly               led               to               increased               crime,               they               have               also               caused               a               change               in               both               the               age               and               the               household               composition               amongst               urban               populations,               yielding               further               increases               in               criminal               activity.

The               United               States               has               experienced               a               general               graying               of               the               population               that               is               only               curbed               by               the               influx               of               young               immigrants.

The               populations               of               immigrants               that               have               flocked               to               cities               tends               to               be               relatively               young.

This               helps               the               aging               problem               for               cities,               but               it               also               leads               to               a               disproportionately               high               crime               rate               in               urban               areas.

The               majority               of               crime               in               this               country               is               committed               by               the               youth.

The               average               age               to               commit               a               robbery               is               17               years               and               the               average               age               to               murder               is               between               19               and               20.

Along               with               youth,               crime               also               tends               towards               families               with               female-headed               households.

According               to               Edward               Glaeser,               50%               of               urban               crime               can               be               attributed               to               the               increased               concentration               of               these               households.

According               to               the               Economist,               middle               class               suburban               migration               and               the               subsequent               poverty               concentration               in               cities               have               led               to               urban               women               willing               to               bear               children               of               but               not               marry               unemployed               men.

In               addition,               problems               of               immigration               can               lead               to               broken               families               when               they               arrive               in               the               United               States.

Both               of               these               factors               increase               the               percent               of               households               headed               by               females               and               consequently               increase               the               crime               rate               of               cities.
               While               cities               have               seen               a               dramatic               increase               in               crime               since               World               War               II               through               suburban               migration,               international               immigration,               and               subsequent               changes               of               age               and               household               composition,               the               past               decade               brought               a               slight               decline               in               criminal               activity.

This               decrease               can               be               attributed               to               urban               reforms,               and               many               of               these               reforms               have               affected               city               demographics.

Gentrification               policies               such               as               development               of               universities               and               middle               class               housing               have               led               to               a               return               of               the               middle               class               to               urban               areas.

Cities               have               also               right-sized               to               become               more               manageable.

Policies               entice               populations               to               move               outside               the               cities,               and               groups               including               immigrant               communities               have               begun               settling               in               the               suburbs.

With               both               of               these               trends               reversed               to               some               degree,               crime               in               cities               has               subsided,               but               it               remains               much               more               prominent               than               crime               in               outlying               areas.






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