2013년 11월 23일 토요일

About 'usa state universities ranking'|...against it, because he said it will lock poorer countries into their state of underdevelopment. Yeah, that’s exactly the point. That’s the new technique for economic...







About 'usa state universities ranking'|...against it, because he said it will lock poorer countries into their state of underdevelopment. Yeah, that’s exactly the point. That’s the new technique for economic...








Slavery               brutalizes               man.

It               was               at               a               synod               meeting               of               Lutheran               bishops               and               ministers               that               Daniel               Alexander               Payne               (1811-1893)               first               began               to               make               a               name               on               the               national               scene.

In               1839,               upon               the               occasion               of               his               graduation               from               the               Lutheran               Theological               Seminary               in               Gettysburg               -               the               very               place               where               a               key               Civil               War               battle               would               be               fought               in               1863               to               help               decide               once               and               for               all               the               fate               of               slavery               in               the               United               States               -               Payne               delivered               a               rousing               ordination               address               in               support               of               a               new               report               by               the               Franckean               Synod               of               the               Lutheran               Church               that               called               for               an               end               to               slavery.

Payne's               'Slavery               Brutalizes               Man'               address               is               seen               as               a               key               factor               in               the               Franckean               Synod's               decision               to               accept               and               publish               the               report               (1)               and               as               a               defining               moment               in               the               life               of               this               remarkable               educational               leader.

Clearly,               it               rivals               the               "I               Have               a               Dream"               sermon               so               readily               identified               with               Rev.

Dr.

Martin               Luther               King               Jr.

and               with               the               movement               for               African               American               civil               rights.

Sadly,               unlike               King's               "Dream"               sermon,               Payne's               "Slavery               Brutalizes               Man"               is               largely               unknown               to               the               masses.
               While               Payne               carries               served               for               more               than               40               years               as               a               bishop               in               the               African               Methodist               Episcopal               Church               and               was               an               ordained               and               seminary-trained               minister,               it               would               be               most               appropriate               to               consider               him               an               educator               first               and               a               church               leader               second.

Both               aspects               of               his               professional               life,               as               an               educator               and               church               leader,               are               inspired               by               his               faith               in               God               and               his               understanding               of               the               Gospel               message               that               people               are               called               to               be               in               service               to               each               other               -               regardless               of               skin               color               or               other               factors.
               This               paper               will               examine               Payne's               personal               history,               take               a               brief               look               at               the               state               of               the               nation's               historically               black               colleges               today               and               reflect               upon               the               lasting               legacy               of               Payne's               advocacy               for               education.
               Bishop               Daniel               Alexander               Payne
               Born               into               the               so-called               "Brown               Elite"               in               Charleston,               South               Carolina               to               parents               of               mixed               African,               European               and               Native               American               heritage,               Payne               would               see               both               of               his               parents               die               prior               to               his               own               10th               birthday.

He               would               then               be               raised               by               an               aunt               and               become               a               beneficiary               of               an               organization               created               by               a               group               of               free               Blacks               who               banded               together               to               pay               for               the               education               of               the               community's               "orphan               or               indigent               colored               children."
               Though               this               organization               would               eventually               fold               with               the               deaths               of               its               founding               members,               Payne               saw               the               lasting               value               the               organization               had               created               by               providing               him               and               other               children               with               an               education.

Writing               some               25               years               after               the               organization               folded,               he               commented               that               it               had               "done               much               good               which               continues               to               manifest               itself               both               in               Church               and               State."               (Payne               "Seventy               Years"               p.

14)
               Payne's               first               professional               position               was               that               of               a               private               school               teacher               at               a               school               he               created               and               opened               himself               at               age               18               in               his               hometown               of               Charleston,               South               Carolina,               where               he               taught               free               Black               children               during               the               day               and               adult               slaves               during               the               evening.

Payne               would               never               veer               far               from               those               roots,               continually               seeking               out               a               means               to               provide               an               education               to               all               who               would               seek               one.

He               would               eventually               become               the               first               African-American               to               serve               as               a               college               president               in               North               America,               serving               essentially               as               the               founding               president               of               Wilberforce               University,               which               is               located               in               west-central               Ohio,               roughly               between               the               larger               cities               of               Dayton               and               Columbus.

Later               the               Payne               Theological               Seminary,               now               a               free-standing               seminary               that               evolved               from               the               Wilberforce               department               of               religion               in               the               late               1800s,               would               be               named               in               his               honor               and               he               would               serve               briefly               as               the               president               of               that               institution               before               his               death.
               As               a               young               man,               as               he               was               struggling               financially               in               the               first               year               of               his               private               schooling               operation,               Payne               was               offered               a               job               by               a               traveling               British               man               who               stopped               in               Charleston               and               was               looking               for               a               personal               representative.

According               to               Payne:               Among               the               inducements               he               offered               he               said:               "If               you               will               go               with               me,               the               knowledge               that               you               will               acquire               of               men               and               things               will               be               of               far               more               value               to               you               than               the               wages               I               will               pay               you.

Do               you               know               what               makes               the               difference               between               the               master               and               the               slave?

Nothing               but               superior               knowledge."
               To               which               Payne               replied:               "If               it               is               true               that               there               is               nothing               but               superior               knowledge               between               the               master               and               the               slave,               I               will               not               go               with               you,               but               will               rather               go               and               obtain               that               knowledge               which               constitutes               the               master."               (Payne,               "Seventy               Years"               p.

20-21).
               Payne's               focus               was               on               his               own               education               -               and               the               education               of               others               -               from               thereafter.

Payne               adopted               the               stance               that               it               was               not               only               slavery               but               also               the               lack               of               an               education               that               "brutalizes               a               man."
               After               Payne               spent               a               couple               years               building               up               his               private               school,               the               state               of               South               Carolina               passed               a               law               in               1835               that               prohibited               the               teaching               of               Blacks,               either               free               or               slaves.

The               law               was               introduced               in               the               state               legislator               by               two               representatives               from               Charleston               in               response               to               the               growing               success               of               Payne's               school               in               that               city.

The               closing               of               the               school               was               a               crushing               blow               to               Payne.
               Looking               for               a               new               start,               Payne               headed               north               to               Pennsylvania.

He               rejected               a               job               as               a               missionary               in               his               home               church               (Methodist               Episcopal,               South)               and               entered               the               Lutheran               Seminary               in               Gettysburg.

Two               years               later,               upon               his               graduation               from               the               Lutheran               Seminary,               in               his               "Slavery               Brutalizes               Man"               address,               he               agonized               over               the               lack               of               education               opportunities               for               children               of               color:
               "Sir,               I               taught               school               in               Charleston               five               years.

In               1834               the               legislature               of               our               state               enacted               a               law               to               prohibit               colored               teachers.

My               school               was               filled               with               children               and               youth               of               the               most               promising               talents;               and               when               I               looked               upon               them               and               remembered               that               in               a               few               more               weeks               this               school               shall               be               closed               and               I               be               permitted               no               more               to               teach               them,               notwithstanding               I               had               been               a               professor               seven               years,               I               began               to               question               the               existence               of               the               Almighty               and               to               say,               if               indeed               there               is               a               God,               does               he               deal               justly?

Is               he               a               just               God?

Is               he               a               holy               Being?

If               so,               why               does               he               permit               a               handful               of               dying               men               thus               to               oppress               us?

Why               does               he               permit               them               to               hinder               me               from               teaching               these               children,               when               nature,               reason               and               Revelation               command               me               to               teach               them?

Thus               I               began               to               question               the               divine               government               and               to               murmur               at               the               administration               of               His               providence.

And               could               I               do               otherwise,               while               slavery's               cruelties               were               pressing               and               grinding               my               soul               in               the               dust,               and               robbing               me               and               my               people               of               those               privileges               which               it               was               hugging               to               its               breast,               and               giving               thousands               to               perpetuate               the               blessing               which               it               was               tearing               away               from               us?

Sir,               the               very               man               who               made               the               law               alluded               to,               did               that               very               year,               increase               the               property               of               South               Carolina               College."               (Lutheran               Herald,               p.

113)
               Payne               would               serve               as               a               Lutheran               preacher               for               several               years               before               injuring               his               throat               and               taking               a               temporary               leave               from               preaching,               he               set               up               a               school               in               Philadelphia.

It               was               in               Philadelphia               that               he               was               continually               interacting               with               prominent               churchmen               in               the               growing               African               Methodist               Episcopal               (AME)               Church.

He               was               fully               received               into               the               AME               church               as               a               preacher               in               1843               and               was               sent               to               service               an               AME               church               in               Washington,               D.C.

While               there,               he               organized               the               city's               first               pastoral               association               of               "colored"               ministers               (Payne,               "Seventy               Years,"               p.

75)               and               began               to               advocate               for               an               improved               system               of               education               for               Black               ministers.

Payne               developed               the               outline               of               a               course               of               study               that               would               serve               the               ministers,               the               Black               Church               and               thereby               glorify               God.

His               plan               would               be               printed               over               the               next               several               months               as               the               five               "Epistles               on               the               Education               of               the               Ministry,"               which               was               published               in               what               was               then               a               national               AME               magazine,               simply               called               "AME               Church               Magazine."               (Campbell,               p.

38).
               As               with               any               new               idea,               Payne's               proposals               were               not               immediately               embraced               by               many.

There               were               significant               leaders               within               the               Black               Church               who               opposed               Payne's               idea,               worried               about,               among               other               things,               creating               a               rift               between               the               educated               and               the               non-educated               and               by               requiring               man-provided               education               in               a               profession               where               leaders               are               ultimately               called               by               God.

Payne               would               not               be               dissuaded,               however.

He               was               concerned               that               too               often               in               the               AME               Church,               those               who               were               able               to               "make               the               most               noise"               in               the               pulpit               were               considered               to               be               the               "greatest               Christians."               (Campbell,               page               38.)               Payne               saw               that               emotion               and               a               passion               for               the               Gospel               were               only               a               first               step               in               becoming               a               true               Christian               leader               -               both               inside               and               outside               the               Church.
               From               even               before               the               days               of               his               five               "Epistles,"               Payne               strongly               believed               that               it               was               essential               that               ministers               be               professionally               educated.

Payne               lamented               that               too               often               preachers               would               use               language               of               Scripture               that               wasn't               even               found               in               the               actual               Bible,               and               that               they               would               twist               the               meaning               of               what               Scripture               they               did               use               to               suit               their               own               purposes.

"The               reason               these               preachers               fail               to               understand               biblical               truth               and               are               not               holy               and               morally               upright,               is               their               lack               of               learning,"               he               wrote               in               an               1859               sermon.

(Payne,               "Christian               Ministry...")               He               used               the               words               of               2               Timothy               4:13               as               perhaps               his               strongest               argument               for               an               educated               clergy:               "Till               I               come,               give               attendance               to               reading,               to               exhortation,               to               doctrine."
               In               his               "Epistles,"               Payne               also               argued               that               he               wanted               to               raise               the               level               of               church               leadership               and               to               show               the               society               at               large               -               including               those               racist               aspects               in               the               white               community               -               that               African               Americans               had               the               capacity               to               acquire,               understand               and               make               use               of               high               degrees               of               education,               thereby               adding               yet               another               argument               to               the               growing               northern               call               for               an               end               to               slavery.
               While               state-sponsored               slavery               has               been               heroically               and               mercifully               stamped               out               in               the               U.S.,               the               debate               over               a               professionally-educated               clergy               continues               even               to               this               day.

Only               now,               in               addition               to               the               challenges               of               the               past,               a               new               type               of               education               gap               for               ministers               has               arisen.

There               is               a               growing               demand               by               middle-class               African               Americans               that               their               ministers               be               educated               at               the               graduate               level.

In               a               2009               study               on               "Tensions               in               Ministry"               Dr.

Michael               Joseph               Brown,               an               AME               itinerant               elder               and               seminary               professor               in               Atlanta,               identified               "Educational               Disparity               between               Laity               and               Clergy"               as               one               of               four               key               areas               of               tension               for               ministers               in               the               AME               Church               in               particular               and               in               both               the               Black               and               White               church               in               general.

As               Payne               argued               that               strong               education               would               help               the               people's               leaders               in               both               "church               and               state,"               Brown               points               out               that               in               the               Black               pastor's               role               as               a               voice               for               his/her               people               in               the               public               arena,               it               is               imperative               that               a               well-educated               minister               be               in               place.
               Brown               writes:
               "One               of               the               places               where               education               might               help               our               clergy               most               is               in               the               analysis               of               public               policy               issues.

As               one               scholar               pointed               out,               there               is               a               major               weakness               in               public               policy               analysis               advocacy               at               the               national               level               by               black               church               denominations.

Yet,               there               is               still               another               problem.

The               majority               of               clergy               in               the               USA               do               not               receive               any               training               in               public               policy               analysis               as               part               of               their               education               in               divinity               schools.

For               African               American               clergy,               whose               role               as               religious               and               community               leaders               often               intersects               with               politics,               that               kind               of               training               in               public               policy               is               imperative."               (Brown)
               Payne               would               continue               to               serve               in               pastorates               in               Washington               D.C.

and               then               in               nearby               Baltimore               for               several               years,               as               well               as               adding               the               duties               of               the               "histiographer"               of               the               AME               Church               in               1848,               assigned               to               compile               the               history               of               the               church.

At               the               AME's               General               Conference               of               1852,               held               in               New               York               City,               he               was               elected               as               a               bishop               of               the               church,               an               honor               that               humbled               him               greatly:
               "I               trembled               from               head               to               foot,               and               wept.

I               knew               that               I               was               unworthy               the               office,               because               I               had               neither               the               physical               strength,               the               learning,               nor               the               sanctity               which               makes               one               fit               for               such               a               high,               holy,               and               responsible               position."               (Payne,               "Seventy               Years,"               p.

109)               In               fact,               about               a               year               prior               to               the               1852               conference,               Payne               writes               that               he               first               began               to               learn               that               his               election               to               the               office               of               bishop               was               likely               and               that               he               prayed               and               regularly               asked               God               to               "call               him               home,"               rather               than               have               him               elected               to               an               office               to               which               he               was               not               worthy.

From               1852,               to               the               very               end               of               his               life               in               1893,               he               continued               to               serve               as               a               bishop,               traveling               extensively               on               church               business,               including               two               trips               to               Europe.
               On               an               April               evening               in               1862,               Payne               was               privileged               to               meet               his               second               sitting               president               of               the               United               States               (he               had               previously               briefly               been               introduced               to               President               Zachary               Taylor).

In               April               1862,               on               the               night               before               President               Abraham               Lincoln               would               sign               the               law               emancipating               all               slaves               in               the               District               of               Columbia,               Payne               had               a               brief               audience               with               the               president               at               the               White               House.

Lincoln,               who               was               generally               seen               as               being               in               favor               of               emancipation,               was               that               night               weighing               the               pros               and               the               cons               of               signing               the               Congressionally-passed               legislation               to               free               the               slaves               in               the               federal               district               of               Washington.

With               the               Civil               War               in               its               early               stages,               it               was               uncertain               how               Lincoln               would               act,               given               concerns               over               the               timing               of               signing               such               legislation.

It               is               unknown               how               much               of               an               impact               Payne's               brief               conversation               with               the               president               may               have               had               on               Lincoln's               decision               to               not               only               sign               that               piece               of               legislation               but               to               issue               the               much               broader               Emancipation               Proclamation               about               six               months               later.

Obviously,               Payne's               anti-slavery               position               was               well-known               and               he               shared               it               emphatically               with               the               president.

No               doubt               Payne's               passionate               views               on               the               issue               played               at               least               a               small               role               in               Lincoln's               decision-making               process               and               actions.

Lincoln's               Emancipation               Proclamation               would               eventually               cause               an               estimated               four               million               people               to               gain               their               freedom.

Though               Payne's               role               in               that               process               was               small,               if               that               was               his               only               contribution               to               the               human               race,               he               could               justifiably               be               called               a               hero.
               During               the               period               when               Payne               was               a               bishop               in               the               AME               Church,               the               church               was               enjoying               rapid               growth,               due               in               no               small               part               to               the               conclusion               of               and               the               resulting               after-effects               of               the               U.S.

Civil               War.

Payne               was               among               the               thoughtful               but               forceful               leaders               in               this               time               who               expanded               the               AME               into               the               Deep               South.

During               this               period               of               growth,               the               Episcopal               districts               of               the               AME               Church               were               re-drawn               several               times               and               new               districts               were               added               as               new               congregations               in               new               areas               continued               to               enter               the               denomination.

As               a               result,               Payne               served               as               bishop               over               several               different               districts,               including               long               periods               when               he               would               serve               as               the               bishop               in               two               different               districts               at               the               same               time.

Beginning               in               1855,               among               Payne's               areas               of               responsibility               were               the               states               of               Indiana               and               Ohio.
               In               the               1850s,               around               the               area               that               is               now               the               town               of               Wilberforce,               Ohio,               a               group               of               free               blacks,               led               prominently               by               Payne               and               several               other               AME               delegates,               and               area               white               businessmen               formed               a               corporation               to               create               a               university               to               service               the               area               black               populace.

That               area               of               Ohio               was               an               active               stop               along               the               Underground               Railroad               and               the               general               mood               of               the               region               was               highly               supportive               of               this               new               educational               institution.

With               backing               from               both               the               white               and               black               leadership               of               the               area,               Wilberforce               -               named               for               English               abolitionist               William               Wilberforce               -               met               with               early               success               until               the               Civil               War               broke               out               in               earnest,               siphoning               away               both               enrollment               and               financial               support.

Wilberforce               closed               its               doors               in               1862,               but               Payne               would               not               be               deterred.

Working               with               others,               he               arranged               for               the               AME               Church               to               purchase               the               university's               facilities               and               Wilberforce               re-opened               in               1863.

From               1863               through               1877,               Payne               would               serve               as               the               president               of               the               University,               will               simultaneously               continuing               to               serve               as               a               presiding               bishop               in               the               AME               Church.

Wilberforce               would               grow               and               prosper               during               Payne's               leadership,               as               he               laid               the               foundation               for               a               school               that               continues               to               prosper               to               this               day.

Thanks               in               part               to               Payne's               sound               leadership               at               Wilberforce,               in               1887               the               state               of               Ohio               began               to               provide               funds               for               the               operation               of               a               "normal               and               vocational               department               at               the               school,"               which               trained               teachers               and               vocational               workers.

Payne's               dream               of               providing               education               to               all               took               a               major               step               forward               with               this               development               as               the               state               was               now               helping               to               finance               the               education               of               black               teachers               who               would               then               teach               more               and               more               black               children.

What               a               far               cry               this               was               from               the               1834               law               in               South               Carolina               that               shut               down               his               little               school               for               60               black               children!

(Wilberforce)
               Wilberforce               University               has               spawned               the               creation               of               two               other               educational               institutions.

In               1947,               the               'normal'               and               vocational               department               of               the               school               broke               off               to               form               what               is               today               known               as               Central               State               University,               which               is               also               located               in               Wilberforce,               Ohio.

As               one               of               Payne's               passions               was               education               specifically               aimed               at               the               training               of               men               for               service               in               ordained               ministry,               several               actions               were               taken               at               Wilberforce               to               this               end.

Shortly               after               its               re-founding,               the               assets               of               a               nearby               AME-sponsored               seminary               which               had               closed               several               years               previous               due               to               lack               of               financial               support               were               transferred               to               Wilberforce.

The               university               would               use               these               assets               to               create               a               theological               department               in               1866.

In               1871,               Wilberforce's               board               and               the               AME               leadership               approved               a               plan               to               organize               a               seminary               in               the               town               of               Wilberforce               to               be               named               after               Payne.

Eventually,               the               theological               department               at               Wilberforce               was               then               split               off               into               a               separate               school               and               in               1894,               Payne               Theological               Seminary               (PTS)               was               incorporated               as               a               separate               institution               "for               the               purpose               of               promoting               education,               religion               and               morality               by               the               education               of               persons               for               the               Christian               ministry               and               missionaries               for               the               redemption               of               Africa               and               other               foreign               lands."               (Payne               Theological               Seminary)               Beginning               in               1892               and               continuing               through               his               death               in               1893,               Payne               would               serve               as               president               of               the               steering               committee               for               this               new               seminary.

PTS               continues               to               operate               under               a               mandate               from               the               AME               Church               and               was               among               the               first               historically               Black               seminaries               to               be               fully               accredited               by               the               Association               of               Theological               Schools               in               the               U.S.

and               Canada               (ATS),               the               major               accreditation               body               for               seminaries.
               PTS'               current               president,               Rev.

Dr.

Leah               Gaskin               Fitchue,               continues               to               use               Payne               as               an               inspiration               and               a               standard-bearer               for               the               seminary.

In               reporting               upon               PTS'               most               recent               (and               highly               successful)               accreditation               visit               by               ATS,               in               early               2009,               Fitchue               wrote,               "As               (PTS)               moves               forward,               the               wisdom               of               our               founder,               Bishop               Daniel               Alexander               Payne,               continues               to               be               the               torch               of               our               inspiration:               'So               high               a               mission,               so               holy               a               calling.'"               (Fitchue)               Today,               PTS               is               one               of               four               seminaries               affiliated               with               the               AME               Church               in               the               U.S.

(A               fifth               is               located               in               Africa.)
               It               is               on               the               one               hand               ironic               and               on               the               other               perhaps               not               surprising               that               a               woman               now               leads               the               seminary               named               in               Payne's               honor.

Throughout               his               career               of               advocating               for               educational               opportunities,               he               did               not               neglect               the               needs               of               woman               to               be               educated.

Payne               was,               however,               sternly               against               women               having               a               place               in               the               pulpit.

Was               it               that               even               in               his               own               vigorous               approach               to               ensure               that               his               African-American               brothers               were               educated               that               he               forgot               his               sisters?

It               appears               that               his               view               of               limited               roles               for               women               in               church               leadership               were               based               on               his               honest               interpretation               of               Scripture,               rather               than               on               any               cultural               rules               about               the               roles               of               women,               as               he               clearly               favored               the               education               of               women,               both               in               Christian               education               and               in               the               liberal               arts.

While               the               vast               majority               of               his               own               students               were               male,               he               supported               the               work               of               several               women               who               created               academic               schools               for               women.

While               pastoring               the               Bethel               AME               Church               in               Baltimore,               he               was               approached               by               a               White               woman               who               sought               out               Payne's               guidance               as               she               was               planning               on               opening               a               school               for               "colored               girls"               in               Washington               D.C.

Payne               relates               in               his               "Seventy               Years"               that               he               strongly               counseled               here               that               she               would               face               a               difficult               path.

The               woman               was               strong               in               both               her               faith               and               her               conviction               and               moved               ahead               with               her               plan.

As               predicted,               she               was               quickly               ostracized               by               the               White               community               and               eventually               sought               refuge               by               becoming               a               member               of               Payne's               Bethel               AME               Church.

To               Payne's               disgust,               many               of               the               prominent               members               of               his               own               church               sought               to               avoid               their               new               White               church               member.

Payne               berated               those               who               behaved               in               what               he               viewed               as               well               below               the               standards               of               Christian               charity.

Thanks               to               Payne's               intervention,               the               woman               eventually               became               a               teacher               within               the               Bethel               AME               Church               and               continued               her               membership               there               long               after               his               departure               from               that               pulpit               and               even               after               her               school               for               girls               was               forced               to               close               in               D.C.
               Payne               also               advocated               a               system               of               teaching               mothers               the               skills               needed               to               teach               their               own               children               and               to               train               them               in               the               ways               of               the               church.

To               this               end,               while               at               Bethel,               Payne               organized               the               first               church               Mothers'               Association,               a               movement               which               quickly               spread               throughout               the               AME               Church.

As               a               result               of               the               curse               of               slavery,               which               wrecked               a               terrible               toll               on               the               ability               of               many,               many               African-American               families               to               stay               intact,               Payne               was               concerned               about               the               stability               of               the               home,               even               within               the               free               Black               community.

The               Mothers'               Association               mission               was               to               enable               mothers               to               aid               each               other               in               the               training               of               their               children,               particularly               their               daughters,               and               to               create               in               them               an               appreciation               of               not               only               the               Gospel               message,               but               the               importance               of               the               family               and               home               life.
               Said               Payne:               "Perhaps               the               greatest               curse               which               American               slavery               entailed               was               the               destruction               of               the               home.

No               home,               no               mother;               no               mother,               no               home.

But               what               is               home               without               a               cultivated               intellect,               and               what               is               the               value               of               such               an               intellect               without               a               cultivated               heart?"               (Smith,               Payne,               p.

87)
               Historically               Black               Colleges
               Today,               about               120               institutions               across               the               U.S.

are               considered               to               be               either               "Historically               Black               Colleges"               or               a               "Primarily               Black               Institution,"               though               this               number               in               some               cases               includes               satellite               campuses               or               related               facilities,               such               as               a               medical               school,               of               the               primary               institution.

Even               with               this,               there               are               still               more               than               75               separate,               accredidated               institutions,               clustered               primarily               in               what               where               once               Confederate               States,               that               serve               a               primarily               African-American               population.

Most               of               them               were               created               in               the               years               following               the               Civil               War               when               emancipation               offered               new               opportunities               to               millions               of               people,               though               a               couple,               such               as               Wilberforce,               can               trace               their               roots               to               just               prior               to               the               Civil               War.

While               Payne's               story               stands               out               as               particularly               fascinating               -               his               rise               from               a               Black               orphan               in               the               pre-Civil               War               South               to               become               a               college               president               is               incredibly               inspirational               -               Payne               was               far               from               alone               in               having               a               zeal               to               provide               quality               education               to               people               of               color.

The               AME               Church               alone               is,               or               was,               the               primary               sponsor               of               about               a               dozen               colleges               or               universities.

Other               church               groups               and               church               leaders,               in               denominations               both               historically               black               and               white,               played               a               key               role               in               the               establishment               of               virtually               every               one               of               the               nation's               historically               black               colleges               or               universities               (HBCU).
               While               there               have               obviously               been               significant               advancements               in               racial               equality               since               the               days               of               the               U.S.

Civil               War.

HBCUs               continue               not               only               to               exist               but               to               serve               an               important               role               in               the               U.S.

higher               education               scene.

According               to               2008               data               from               the               National               Center               for               Education               Statistics,               while               HBCUs               make               up               only               three               percent               of               the               total               number               of               the               nation's               colleges               and               universities,               they               produce               23               percent               of               the               nation's               African-American               graduates.

Further,               HBCU               graduates               now               comprise               65%               of               all               black               doctors,               50%               of               all               black               engineers               and               35%               of               all               black               lawyers.

(Clyburn)               Finally,               70               percent               of               students               who               attend               HBCUs               are               classified               as               low               income               and               half               of               the               HBCU               student               population               receives               Pell               Grants,               compared               to               27               percent               of               students               at               other               institutions.

(White               House)               Given               these               statistics,               many               see               the               ongoing               existence               of               HBCUs               as               critical               to               the               welfare               and               ongoing               existence               of               an               African-American               middle               and               professional               class.

Further,               U.S.

Rep.

James               E.

Clyburn,               a               Democrat               from               South               Carolina,               and,               as               the               House's               Majority               Whip,               one               of               the               highest               ranking               African-Americans               in               federal               government               (second               to               President               Barak               Obama,               naturally),               states               that               HBCUs               are               critical               in               many               ways               that               cannot               be               measured.

He               wrote:
               "Many               of               the               benefits               of               HBCUs               are               intangible               like               the               sense               of               empowerment               and               self               confidence               students               report               they               gain               on               these               campuses.

And,               because               many               HBCU               students               come               from               low               income               families,               and               are               the               first               in               their               families               to               attend               college,               they               find               a               sense               of               camaraderie               and               support               on               these               campuses               they               might               not               enjoy               at               non-HBCU               institutions."               (Clyburn)               In               releasing               the               plans               to               make               funds               available               to               HBCU's               as               part               of               the               2009               economic               bailout               plan,               officially               known               as               the               American               Recovery               and               Re-investment               Act               (ARRA),               U.S.

Secretary               of               Education               Arne               Duncan               said:               "HBCUs               cannot               simply               survive.

They               have               to               thrive.

The               historical               importance               of               these               schools               cannot               be               overstated.

Their               relevance               today               is               as               great               as               at               any               time               in               the               past."               (White               House)
               Despite               this               clear               and               necessary               ongoing               role               for               HBCUs,               many               of               them               are               struggling               financially.

Many               of               them               are               in               financial               hardship               of               one               degree               or               another.

An               excessive               amount               of               debt               can               cause               a               school               to               lose               its               accreditation,               which               could               further               hasten               a               downward               spiral.

In               the               past               30               years               or               so,               more               than               a               dozen               HBCUs               have               closed               their               doors               and               many               others               continue               to               teeter               on               financially               shaky               ground.

(Kimbrough)
               This               financial               concern               at               many               of               the               nation's               HBCUs               is               one               reason               why               the               federal               ARRA               included               a               provision               for               additional               funding               for               these               institutions.

What               the               long-term               future               is               for               many               of               them               remains               to               be               seen.
               Reflections               on               Payne's               Legacy
               While               this               paper               primarily               focused               on               Payne's               work               as               an               educator,               he               was               not               without               accomplishments               and               controversy               in               other               aspects               of               his               work               during               his               41               years               as               an               AME               bishop.

Payne               played               a               significant               leadership               role               in               the               expansion               of               the               AME               into               the               post-Civil               War               South.

Payne               also               created               a               great               deal               of               controversy               over               his               desired               standards               for               music               and               worship               in               the               AME               Church.

Both               of               these               topics               are               interesting,               but               beyond               the               scope               of               this               paper.

Likewise,               his               views               on               women               in               the               pulpit               bear               closer               examination.
               Even               with               these               other               considerations,               Payne               must               be               looked               at               chiefly               as               an               advocate               for               education.

Payne's               leadership               role               in               the               AME               Church               is               considered               second               only               to               that               of               Bishop               Richard               Allen,               the               AME's               founder.

"After               Bishop               Allen,               no               other               person               has               had               such               an               impact               on               the               shape               and               direction               of               the               African               Methodist               Episcopal               Church               than               Bishop               Payne,"               wrote               Rev.

Dr.

Mark               Kelly               Tyler,               who               is               currently               the               senior               pastor               at               the               Mother               Bethel               AME               Church               in               Philadelphia,               in               a               Nov.

30,               2009,               blog               noting               that               Payne's               200th               birthday               is               rapidly               approaching.

"Payne               was               a               controversial               figure,               to               be               certain,               and               his               legacy               needs               to               be               better               understood               by               a               contemporary               audience               in               that               much               of               what               we               know               today               to               be               "AME"               had               to               do               with               his               policies               and               practices."               (Tyler)
               In               numerous               biographies               of               Bishop               Payne,               one               aspect               is               always               mentioned               in               the               introduction               of               the               article               -               his               groundbreaking               status               as               the               first               African-American               to               become               a               college               president               in               the               United               States.

That               he               rose               from               being               an               orphan               born               in               a               slave               state               to               achieve               this               status               makes               even               all               that               much               more               amazing.

While               Payne's               ability               to               become               educated               himself               is               a               remarkable               story,               his               ultimate               legacy               continues               to               this               day               at               Wilberforce               University,               Central               State               University               and               Payne               Theological               Seminary               where               students               of               color               continue               to               receive               a               quality               education.

His               demand               for               an               educated               Black               clergy,               specifically               within               the               AME               Church               is               a               proud               legacy               that               any               group               of               churches               could               and               should               be               proud               of.
               It               is               discouraging               to               me               that               I               only               learned               of               Bishop               Payne's               life               because               of               this               paper.

No               doubt               I               had               seen               his               face               or               heard               his               name               in               some               fleeting               Black               History               Month               presentation,               but               it               had               failed               to               make               a               lasting               register.

Based               on               my               reading               and               short               history               of               knowing               more               about               Payne,               I               would               place               him               among               the               short               list               of               people               that               all               Americans               should               be               aware               of,               easily               rivaling               the               Civil               Rights               leaders               of               the               1950s               and               1960s               in               prominence               among               African-Americans               and               rubbing               shoulders               with               the               likes               of               Lincoln               when               being               considered               for               overall               lasting               impact               on               the               nation.

Fortunately               for               the               modern               scholar,               Payne's               wonderfully               complete               autobiography               "Recollections               of               Seventy               Years,"               has               been               preserved               and               is               available               on-line               in               its               entirety               through               the               "Documenting               the               American               South"               project               at               the               University               of               North               Carolina,               allowing               his               story               to               be               shared               with               future               readers.
               Bibliography
               Blackpast.org.

"Payne,               Daniel               Alexander               (1811-1893)"               Web:               Dec.

28,               2009.
               Brown,               Michael               Joseph.

"Tensions               in               Ministry"               The               Christian               Recorder.

Dec.

23,               2009.

Web:               Dec.

28,               2009.
               Campbell,               James               T.

"Songs               of               Zion:               The               African               Methodist               Episcopal               Church               in               the               United               States               and               South               Africa."               Oxford               University               Press,               New               York,               NY.

1998
               Candler               School               of               Theology               Web               site.

History.

Web:               Dec.

27,               2009.
               Clyburn,               James               E.

"HBCUs:               Institutions               for               Past,               Present               &               Future."               Congressional               Statement,               Feb.

18,               2004.

Web:               Dec.

27,               2009.
               Endo,               Sandra               (reporter)               "Black               colleges               struggling".

CNN.

Aired               Aug.

12,               2009.

Web:               Dec.

28,               2009.
               Fitchue,               Leah               Gaskin.

"Payne               Theological               Seminary               Awarded               Ten-Year               Accreditation               by               the               Association               of               Theological               Schools."               Christian               Recorder.

March               5,               2009.

Web:               Dec.

28,               2009
               Kimbrough,               Walter               M.

"No               band,               no               sound:               is               this               the               HBCU               story?"               Black               Issues               in               Higher               Education,               July               3,               2003.
               Lutheran               Herald               and               Journal               of               the               Fort               Plain,               N.Y.,               Franckean               Synod               1:15               (August               1,               1839),               pages               113-14.

Web:               Dec.

29,               2009.
               Payne               Theological               Seminary.

About               us:               History.

Web:               Dec.

28,               2009
               Payne,               Daniel               A.

"The               Christian               Ministry:               Its               Moral               and               Intellectual               Character               (1859),"               The               Faithful               Preacher,               91-95;               as               quoted               by               Lair,               Bryan               J.

"Preaching               and               Teaching               Future               Pastors               and               Present               Parishioners:               The               Ministry               of               Daniel               Payne"               One               Resolve               blog.

Nov.

12,               2007.

Web:               Dec.

29,               2009.
               Payne,               Daniel               A.

"Recollections               of               Seventy               Years."               AME               Sunday               School               Union.

Nashville,               Tenn.

1888.

Web:               Dec.

20-30,               2009.
               Smith,               Charles               Spencer               and               Payne,               Daniel               Alexander.

"A               history               of               the               African               Methodist               Episcopal               church.

First               reprinting,               l968,               Johnson               Reprint               Corp.

Detroit.
               "Strengthening               Our               Nation's               Historically               Black               Colleges               and               Universities"               Statement               by               the               White               House.

Undated.

Web:               Dec.

29,               2009.
               Stange,               Douglas               C.

"Bishop               Daniel               Alexander               Payne's               Protestation               of               American               Slavery"               The               Journal               of               Negro               History,               Vol.

52,               No.

1               (Jan.,               1967),               pp.

59-64
               Tyler,               Mark               Kelly."Bishop               Daniel               Payne's               200th               Birthday               is               fast               approaching."               AME               History               Notes               blog.

Nov.

30,               2009.

Web:               Dec.

28,               2009.
               Wilberforce               University               website.

History.

Web:               Dec.

27,               2009.






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