2013년 11월 30일 토요일

About 'university of chicago pharmacy school'|December 20 2010: The United States of Disintegration







About 'university of chicago pharmacy school'|December 20 2010: The United States of Disintegration








The               town               of               Keystone,               SD               was               established               in               the               late               1800's               at               the               end               of               the               Black               Hills               Gold               Rush               era.

Today,               it               is               a               tourist               town,               owing               its               fame               to               the               carving               of               Mount               Rushmore.

But               the               town               existed               years               before               the               monument               was               even               conceived.

This               paper               is               an               attempt               to               look               at               the               beginnings               of               Keystone,               how               it               developed,               and               how               Mount               Rushmore               changed               this               once               booming               gold               rush               town               into               the               tourist               town               it               is               today.

Although               mining               brought               settlers               to               Keystone               and               helped               the               town               to               prosper,               Mount               Rushmore               has               helped               the               town               to               survive.

The               development               of               Keystone               could               be               defined               in               phases.

The               first               was               the               initial               discovery               of               mineral               deposits,               mainly               gold,               in               the               region.

The               discovery               of               gold               led               to               a               flood               of               prospectors               -               all               hoping               to               get               rich               quick.

Next               was               the               establishment               of               the               town               of               Keystone               itself,               named               after               the               Keystone               mine               discovered               in               1891.

This               second               phase               of               development               saw               Keystone               prosper,               decline,               and               begin               to               recover.

The               third               phase               in               the               development               of               Keystone               occurred               during               the               carving               of               Mount               Rushmore.

This               project               had               a               big               impact               on               the               lives               of               the               citizens               of               the               town,               from               the               establishment               of               electric               power,               to               the               jobs               it               created.

The               fourth               and               current               phase               of               Keystone               is               the               Keystone               of               today               -               no               longer               a               mining               town,               but               a               tourist               town               that               prospers               thanks               to               the               carving               of               Mount               Rushmore.
               The               first               phase               was               defined               by               the               entry               of               prospectors               into               the               region.

Gold               was               first               discovered               in               the               area               around               present               day               Keystone,               SD               in               1875               in               Battle               Creek.

Miners               soon               started               to               flood               the               area               and               Harney               City,               named               after               nearby               Harney               Peak,               was               established.

According               to               the               New               York               Tribune               about               300               miners               were               working               the               area               that               year.

Annual               figures               for               placer               gold,               or               gold               panned               from               the               streams,               from               the               Harney               area               are               in               the               millions               of               dollars.

[1]
               The               first               settler               to               the               region               was               a               man               by               the               name               of               Fred               J               Cross               who               built               a               cabin               in               Buckeye               Gulch               in               1877.

[2]               As               more               people               came               into               the               area,               the               town               started               to               develop.

On               January               22,               1877,               L               Field               Whitbeck,               in               a               letter               to               the               Sidney               Telegraph               of               Sidney,               Nebraska               wrote,               "These               districts               are               now               well-settled               and               new               arrivals               occur               daily.

This               deletable               burg,               located               twenty               miles               northeast               of               Custer,               now               contains               twenty-five               cabins               and               about               seventy-five               residents,               including               now               two               of               the               gentler               sex,               bless,               their               hearts,               who               are               here               visiting."               And               again               on               May               22,               1877               he               wrote,               "Harney               City               now               has               one               store               and               one               saloon               but               a               second               store               will               open               soon.

It               also               has               a               sawmill               owned               by               Bock               and               Company."               Through               Whitbeck,               the               development               and               growth               of               the               town               are               visible.[3]
               Women               were               not               allowed               to               enter               the               area               until               two               years               after               the               camps               were               established.

The               first               woman               settler               arrived               in               1877.

Her               husband               was               a               carpenter               working               in               the               area,               and,               as               he               was               not               expecting               her,               was               delighted               to               see               her.

The               rest               of               the               miners               were               delighted               as               well.

With               her               she               brought               a               cow               and               the               miners               were               able               to               purchase               milk.

However,               her               stay               was               short               as               her               husband's               services               were               needed               in               the               building               boom               in               Hayward               a               few               months               later.[4]
               In               1883,               just               as               the               placer               mines               started               to               play               out,               the               Harney               Hydraulic               Gold               Mining               Company               was               formed.

The               company               provided               a               way               to               dig               through               the               gravel               beds               using               hydraulics.

The               owners,               A.J.

Simmons,               William               Claggett,               and               T.H.

Russell               spent               around               $2,000,000               in               setting               up               flumes               to               bring               in               water               to               work               their               six               miles               of               claims               on               Battle               Creek.

Unfortunately,               the               operation               never               made               a               profit,               and               in               a               year-and-a-half               was               sold               to               a               company               in               Milwaukee,               never               to               be               opened               again.[5]
               TheEtta               Mine               was               discovered               around               1883               by               Dr.

S.H.

Ferguson               just               south               of               present               day               Keystone.

Alex               Madill               and               Major               A.J.

Simmons               bought               into               the               mine               soon               after.

Starting               as               a               mica               mine,               it               quickly               gained               notoriety               after               Simmons               sent               a               sample               of               cassiterite,               a               tin               ore,               to               San               Francisco               to               be               evaluated.

It               was               reported               that               Etta               was               one               of               the               richest               tin               mines               known               at               that               time.

After               the               reports               were               made,               a               group               of               American               and               English               businessmen               joined               together               to               form               the               Harney               Peak               Tin               Mining,               Milling,               and               Manufacturing               Company.

They               purchased               1100               claims,               including               the               Etta               Mine,               at               a               price               of               just               over               $2,000,000.

The               total               area               covered               over               5000               acres.[6]
               The               settlement               that               grew               around               the               area               became               known               as               the               Etta               Camp.

Lumber               used               at               the               settlement               was               originally               purchased               from               a               mill               on               Iron               Creek               in               Custer               County,               but               after               changing               owners,               it               was               moved               closer               to               the               camp.

Houses               were               built               and               families               moved               in.

However,               Etta               failed               to               earn               a               profit.

It               went               into               receivership               and               shut               down               in               1886.

It               was               reopened               in               1898               after               30               tons               of               spodumene               were               shipped               to               Omaha,               Nebraska               for               experiments.

The               evaluation               of               the               mineral               proved               it               was               a               valuable               source               of               lithium.

Reinbold               and               Company,               the               group               responsible               for               the               experimentation,               quickly               leased               the               mine.

Five               hundred               tons               of               spodumene               were               mined               in               1899;               700               tons               the               next               year.

These               figures               made               Etta               the               biggest               spodumene               mine               in               the               United               States.[7]
               In               1905,               when               the               lease               was               over,               it               was               not               renewed.

Instead,               the               Etta               Mine               was               leased               by               the               Standard               Essence               Company               or,               as               it               was               later               known,               the               Maywood               Chemical               Works.

In               1908,               the               company               purchased               the               Harney               Peak               Tin               Company.

The               mine               was               worked               continuously               until               1936,               and               sporadically               after               that               until               at               least               1955.

By               1968               the               mine               had               closed               for               good.[8]
               The               discovery               of               the               Keystone               Mine               in               1891               by               William               Franklin,               Thomas               Blair,               and               Jacob               Reed               began               the               second               phase               in               the               development               of               Keystone.

This               was               a               rich               mine,               at               one               time               producing               as               much               as               $2.50               in               one               pan               of               crushed               ore.

In               1892,               the               Keystone               Mine               opened               a               twenty               stamp               mill               for               the               purpose               of               crushing               the               ore.

In               1893               it               was               sold               to               a               group               from               St.

Paul               called               the               Keystone               Mining               Company.[9]               The               Keystone               was               purchased               by               the               Holy               Terror               Gold               Mine               in               1897.[10]
               Mining               did               not               stop               with               the               Keystone.

On               June               28,               1894,               Franklin               and               his               adopted               daughter               Cora               Stone               discovered               gold               at               the               base               of               Mt.

Aetna.

This               mine               would               become               one               of               the               richest               in               the               country.

The               story               of               how               it               got               its               name               is               best               told               by               Martha               Linde:
               They               lived               together               in               harmony               until               those               occasions               when               William               Franklin               would               feel               the               need               to               indulge               his               taste               for               strong               liquor               and               would               leave               for               a               nearby               town.

At               these               times               he               remained               absent               until               his               wife               knowing               from               past               experience               where               to               look               would               go               in               search               of               him.

When               she               found               the               right               saloon,               there               he               would               be               slightly               under               the               weather               telling               the               other               occupants               tales               of               his               wonderful               mining               prospects.

Upon               sighting               William,               his               wife               would               rush               in,               grab               him               by               the               sleeve,               and               state               in               a               loud               and               angry               voice               her               opinion               of               his               actions.

He               would               always               come               along               meekly               stating               with               a               sheepish               grin               to               bystanders,               "Ain't               she               a               Holy               Terror?"               After               he               found               the               phenomenally               rich               ore               and               his               partner               suggested               he               name               the               mine               after               his               wife,               it               became,               not               the               Jennie               but               the               Holy               Terror.[11]
               Together               with               his               friend,               Tom               Blair,               the               two               began               digging               the               Holy               Terror               shaft               mine.

By               the               end               of               the               first               year,               the               men               had               dug               fifty               feet               down               and               found               ore               worth               $500               a               ton.

At               ninety               feet,               they               offered               a               one-half               interest               in               the               mine               to               investors               John               J               Fayel               and               Albert               Amsbury               if               they               would               build               a               five               stamp               mill.

By               the               end               of               1894,               over               $40,000               in               gold               had               been               removed               from               the               mine.

The               Holy               Terror               is               reported               to               have               had               a               weekly               take               of               between               $10,000               and               $70,000,               not               including               what               the               gold               miners               took               out               in               their               boots               and               lunch               pails.[12]
               In               1895,               the               Holy               Terror               was               sold               to               John               S.

George               and               Charles               M.

Kiff               of               Milwaukee               and               J.J.

Foyce               of               Keystone.

Two               years               later,               the               mine               was               again               sold,               this               time               to               men               from               Rapid               City.

These               new               owners               continued               to               work               the               mine               sinking               it               to               new               depths.

They               also               bought               the               Keystone               Mine               and               in               1898               joined               the               two               with               a               drift               therefore               enabling               them               to               lift               the               Keystone               ore               through               the               Holy               Terror               shaft.[13]
               Although               highly               profitable,               these               mines               were               also               extremely               dangerous.

In               1896,               there               was               a               fire               at               the               Keystone.

When               the               ever               constant               sound               of               the               stamps               suddenly               stopped,               people               came               running.

They               quickly               formed               a               bucket               brigade               to               the               creek.

After               hours               of               hauling               water,               the               miners               trapped               inside               were               able               to               crawl               out.

There               were               no               fatalities.

However,               miners               at               the               Holy               Terror               weren't               so               lucky.

In               1901,               three               men               were               killed               from               gases               forced               through               an               air               hose               by               a               faulty               compressor.

The               company               was               sued               and,               two               years               later,               forced               to               close               as               the               court               ruled               in               favor               of               the               miner's               families.

The               owners               lost               everything               and               the               mine               was               sold               at               auction               to               Mr.

Lee.[14]
               The               Holy               Terror               was               again               sold               in               1906               to               Mr.

Collins               and               Mr.

Morgan.

The               mine,               having               sat               for               several               years               unused,               had               filled               with               water.

The               new               owners               tried               to               pump               it               out,               but               discovered               the               shaft               logs               had               worn               out               and               broke               easily,               and               that               the               mine               had               caved               in               at               various               locations.

When               they               reached               400               feet,               Collins               sold               his               share               to               Morgan,               who               worked               for               a               while               longer.

When               his               money               dried               up,               the               mine               refilled.

There               are               no               records               showing               mining               was               done               by               these               two.[15]
               The               Holy               Terror               only               reopened               again               for               a               few               years               from               1938               until               1942.

It               is               rumored               that               there               is               still               much               more               gold               down               there.

Overall,               the               Holy               Terror               and               Keystone               Mines               produced               $1,284,689               between               1894               and               1903.[16]
               The               city               of               Keystone               is               said               to               have               gotten               its               name               from               the               Keystone               Mine.

The               theory               was               that               the               town               is               halfway               between               the               northern               and               southern               Black               Hills,               therefore               the               keystone               of               the               area.

As               new               claims               were               discovered,               more               people               came               to               the               area.

Saloons               and               hotels               were               built               first.

Then,               merchants               and               businessmen,               from               carpenters               to               bakers,               came               from               everywhere               to               fill               the               needs               of               a               growing               community.

Churches               and               schools               came               at               a               later               date.

Church               was               originally               held               at               Baldwin's               Hall,               above               Jim               Baldwin's               pharmacy.

A               small               log               cabin               served               as               the               first               school.[17]               The               school               situation               improved               when,               in               1895,               Willis               Bower,               with               his               wife               Augusta               and               her               daughter,               built               a               house               in               Keystone.

He               left               the               first               floor               open               as               one               big               room               to               use               as               a               private               school.[18]
               On               June               29,               1895,               the               citizens               of               Keystone               held               a               meeting               to               consider               the               organization               of               a               church.

At               the               second               meeting               held               on               August               11,               the               First               Congregational               Church               of               Keystone               was               officially               formed.

Reverend               James               A.

Becker               was               hired               to               be               minister               for               six               months               for               a               total               of               $200.

The               Bower               school               was               rented               at               a               rate               of               three               dollars               a               month               so               the               church               could               hold               meetings               and               Sunday               school.

Plans               for               a               new               church               were               presented               on               March               7,               1896,               and               completed               approximately               six               months               later.

The               Keystone               School               Board               later               rented               the               basement               for               twenty-two               dollars,               fifty               cents               per               month               to               hold               classes               until               1900,               when               a               school               was               built.

Both               the               church               and               the               school               still               stand               in               Keystone;               the               school               is               now               a               museum.[19]
               Keystone's               first               newspaper,               the               Keystone               Miner,               was               established               in               1896.

Like               most               newspapers,               it               covered               local               happenings,               including               events               at               the               mines,               and               advertisements               from               local               businesses.

Baseball               was               a               favorite               feature               of               the               paper               and               much               space               was               devoted               to               the               Keystone               team.

Other               newspapers               that               started               up               shortly               after               include:               the               Keystone               Recorder               and               the               Keystone               Nugget.[20]
               Shortly               after               the               closing               of               the               Holy               Terror,               Keystone               entered               into               an               economic               depression.

During               the               boom               the               population               reached               about               2000,               but               by               1915               the               town's               population               had               dwindled               to               just               250.

Fires               swept               through               the               town               in               1906,               1913,               1917,               1921               and               1937               furthering               the               town's               woes.

Then,               in               the               1920's               the               economy               started               to               recover.

In               1923               the               Bullion               Mine               was               reopened               by               the               Keystone               Arsenic               Company               to               mine               that               mineral               and               the               gold               found               alongside               it.

Keystone               Consolidated               Mines,               Inc.

was               formed               in               1927.

This               company               bought               the               Keystone,               Holy               Terror,               Columbia,               and               Bullion               Mines.

Their               first               step               was               to               drain               the               mines.

This               was               completed               in               1930               and               by               1936               the               Holy               Terror               shaft               reached               1200               feet.

The               mine               officially               shut               down               for               good               at               the               start               of               World               War               II.[21]
               During               the               mid               1920's,               other               mines               were               also               reopened.

The               Peerless,               Etta,               Hugo,               and               Bob               Ingersoll               Mines               became               producers               of               minerals               such               as               feldspar,               mica,               beryl,               cassiterite,               tantalite,               columbite,               amblygonite,               lepidolite,               spodumene,               and               quartz.[22]
               The               beginning               of               the               third               phase               of               Keystone               dealt               with               the               carving               of               Mount               Rushmore.

In               the               mid               1920's.

South               Dakota               State               Historian,               Doane               Robinson,               was               promoting               tourism               in               the               state.

He               suggested               carving               the               granite               spires               in               the               Black               Hills               into               figures               from               South               Dakota's               history.

In               1924,               he               invited               popular               sculptor,               Gutzon               Borglum,               to               evaluate               the               feasibility               of               the               project.[23]
               Borglum               was               born               of               Danish               immigrants               in               1867               in               Bear               Lake,               Idaho.

Growing               up               he               discovered               a               talent               for               the               arts               and               attended               art               school               in               Paris.

He               quickly               received               notoriety               in               Europe               and               the               United               States               for               his               paintings               and               sculptures.

During               the               early               1920's,               he               worked               on               Stone               Mountain,               a               monument               to               the               Confederate               heroes               of               the               Civil               War,               in               Georgia.

In               1925,               he               was               fired               from               the               project               over               funding               issues.

Before               leaving,               he               destroyed               both               his               work               on               the               mountain               and               his               prepared               models.[24]
               When               Borglum               first               toured               the               Hills,               he               was               accompanied               by               his               12               year               old               son,               Lincoln,               Robinson,               and               South               Dakota               Senator               Peter               Norbeck,               who               was               eager               to               help               get               the               project               started.

He               convinced               them               that               carving               heroes               on               the               spires               in               the               Hills               was               not               the               best               idea,               and               that               the               figures               should               be               of               national               importance.

He               also               rejected               the               location               Robinson               had               chosen.

He               chose               a               large               granite               outcropping               near               the               city               of               Keystone               the               locals               called               Rushmore[25]               The               name               Rushmore               came               from               a               New               York               attorney               who,               when               visiting               the               area,               asked               the               locals               what               the               mountain               was               called.

They               responded               with,               "Hanged               if               we               know!

Let's               call               the               damned               thing               Rushmore."[26]               The               name               stuck.
               Borglum               held               his               first               dedication               of               the               carving               on               October               1,               1925               at               Doane               Mountain               across               the               valley               from               Rushmore.

Norbeck               contributed               $500               to               the               event;               the               Rapid               City               Commercial               Club               donated               $1000.

Borglum               was               a               natural               showman.

His               ceremony               included               a               band,               speakers,               flag-raising,               Sioux               Indians,               and               a               twenty-one               gun               salute.

The               newspapers               and               audience               of               3000               loved               it.

However,               the               money               did               not               come               pouring               in.

After               Borglum's               trouble               at               Stone               Mountain,               no               one               wanted               to               invest               in               what               was               considered               to               be               a               risky               undertaking.

In               the               end,               he               requested               $50,000               from               Rapid               City               to               start               the               project,               but               as               they               had               previously               been               promised               that               they               would               not               have               to               contribute,               they               did               not               do               so.[27]
               When               President               Calvin               Coolidge               decided               to               spend               his               summer               in               Custer               State               Park               in               1927,               Borglum               seized               the               opportunity               to               promote               Mount               Rushmore.

He               asked               the               President               to               speak               at               a               second               dedication               ceremony.

In               honor               of               the               President's               arrival,               Borglum               had               tree               stumps               blasted               out               of               the               right-of-way               on               a               road               to               Mount               Rushmore.

President               Coolidge               showed               up               at               the               ceremony               on               horseback               sporting               a               ten               gallon               hat               and               cowboy               boots.

The               speech               he               made               was               reported               to               be               his               best               ever.

He               proclaimed               that               the               monument               "deserved               the               sympathy               and               support               of               private               beneficence               and               the               national               government."               Afterwards,               he               handed               Borglum               a               set               of               drills,               which               Borglum               promptly               used               on               the               mountain,               officially               starting               the               carving.

President               Coolidge               was               also               asked               to               write               an               inscription               for               the               bottom               of               the               monument,               which               was               never               carved.[28]
               After               this               event,               money               started               pouring               in.

The               most               notable               contributors               included               Homestake               Mining               Company               of               Lead,               South               Dakota               built               three               rail               lines               to               the               region;               Herbert               Myrick               of               Boston,               publisher               of               agricultural               journals               including               The               Dakota               Farmer,               donated               $1000;               and               Charles               Rushmore,               who               was               flattered               his               namesake               was               to               become               famous,               donated               $500.

By               July               of               1927,               Borglum               had               raised               $50,000.[29]
               With               Mount               Rushmore               underway,               monumental               changes               came               to               Keystone.

A               major               benefit               to               the               town               was               the               addition               of               roads.

The               roads               to               Keystone               up               to               this               point               were               small,               dirt               roads,               subject               to               the               weather               and               oftentimes               impassible.

The               most               reliable               way               to               bring               in               supplies               was               a               spur               of               the               Chicago               Burlington               and               Quincy               railroad,               built               in               1900,               connecting               Keystone               to               Hill               City.

From               there,               a               team               and               wagon               transported               the               supplies               the               remaining               three               miles               to               Mount               Rushmore.

After               a               time,               Borglum               convinced               the               state               to               build               a               road               from               Rapid               City               into               Keystone,               making               the               delivery               of               supplies               and               travel               to               and               from               Keystone               easier.

This               new               road               bypassed               the               town's               main               road               and               ran               through               Buckeye               Gulch.

Today               this               road               is               known               as               Highway               16A               and               is               the               main               artery               into               the               town.[30]               Another               road               built               on               account               of               Mount               Rushmore               was               Iron               Mountain               Road.

Planned               by               Norbeck,               this               road               wound               its               way               from               Custer               State               Park               to               Keystone               and               was               built               to               offer               spectacular               views               of               Mount               Rushmore,               framed               by               tunnels.[31]
               Another               notable               benefit               to               Keystone               was               the               addition               of               electric               power.

Prior               to               Mount               Rushmore,               Keystone's               mines               were               powered               by               steam               driven               engines,               fueled               by               the               forests               surrounding               the               town.

Between               1927               and               1928               the               conversion               to               electric               power               started               with               a               gift               to               Rushmore               from               Samuel               Insull               of               Chicago.

Insull               loaned               Borglum               a               three               cylinder               diesel               engine               to               power               the               drills               needed               to               carve               the               mountain.

This               first               generator               was               housed               near               the               railroad               depot               in               town,               three               miles               from               Rushmore,               because               it               was               impractical               to               transport               it,               and               the               fuel               needed               to               run               it,               up               the               mountain.

The               diesel               fuel               used               to               run               the               engine               was               produced               in               Casper,               WY               and               transported               to               Keystone               via               the               railway.

In               order               to               transport               the               power               to               Rushmore,               pine               trees               were               stripped               of               their               branches               and               converted               into               power               poles.

The               lines               were               draped               from               tree               to               tree               all               the               way               up               the               mountain.[32]
               As               it               turns               out,               the               generator               Insull               loaned               Borglum               was               not               a               good               one.

The               cost               of               running               it               was               high,               as               it               took               two               men               to               keep               it               running.

One               time               the               engine               actually               exploded,               causing               injury               to               one               of               the               workers.

Its               use               was               therefore               discontinued               after               the               first               year.[33]
               About               the               same               time,               Keystone               Consolidated               Mines               built               their               own               power               plant               near               the               Holy               Terror               Mine.

The               mines               that               were               currently               in               operation               were               supplied               with               power               from               the               new               plant.

This               power               plant               served               double               duty               as               it               also               severed               the               community.

After               the               explosion               of               the               Insull               generator,               John               Boland,               financial               manager               at               Mount               Rushmore,               purchased               power               from               Keystone               Consolidated.

When               the               company               built               regular               power               lines               to               the               mountain,               Borglum               approached               A.I.

Johnson,               employee               of               Keystone               Consolidated,               and               told               him,               "The               power               line               looks               monstrous               crossing               those               hills.

Don't               you               know               that               nature               abhors               a               straight               line?"               To               which               Johnson               replied,               "Electricity               doesn't               follow               beautiful               curves               like               you               artists               make."               The               Keystone               Consolidated               Mines               ran               into               financial               trouble               when               the               Keystone               Mill               burned               down               in               1930.

The               company               closed               their               mines,               lost               two               generators               to               receivership,               and               gave               a               compressor               to               Mount               Rushmore.

Afterwards,               the               company               continued               operation               at               the               plant,               renaming               itself               as               the               Battle               Creek               Power               Company.[34]
               Power               in               Keystone               was               subject               to               the               schedules               of               the               mines               and               Mount               Rushmore.

During               the               day,               when               the               men               were               working               on               these               projects,               the               power               was               on.

At               night,               power               was               shut               off               at               11               pm               with               a               warning               at               five               minutes               before               the               hour.

When               both               the               mines               and               Mount               Rushmore               were               not               operating,               the               power               plant               was               not               run               during               the               day,               with               the               exception               of               Monday               mornings               when               the               women               of               the               town               did               their               laundry.

It               wasn't               until               1939               that               Keystone               had               fulltime               power.[35]
               On               March               6,               1941               Gutzon               Borglum               passed               away.

His               son               Lincoln               added               some               finishing               touches               on               Mount               Rushmore,               using               up               the               remaining               funds,               then               closed               the               operation               a               few               months               later.

The               shrine               stands               today               as               a               testament               to               all               who               worked               there.
               With               the               end               of               the               carving,               we               come               to               the               current               phase               of               the               town               of               Keystone.

Since               1941,               Keystone               has               thrived               on               tourism.

Souvenir               shops               sprang               up               along               Borglum's               new               road,               almost               to               the               base               of               Mount               Rushmore.

Many               attractions               have               opened               up               over               the               years               to               entertain               guests               during               their               visit.

Some               of               the               more               notable               are               the               Black               Hills               Central               Railroad,               or               1880               Train,               which               opened               in               1957               and               travels               between               Keystone               and               Hill               City               on               the               Chicago               Burlington               and               Quincy               spur;               Big               Thunder               Gold               Mine,               providing               tourists               a               glimpse               of               the               past               through               what               was               once               a               working               gold               mine;               the               Rushmore               Borglum               Story,               a               museum               that               tells               the               story               of               the               carving               of               Mount               Rushmore               and               of               Borglum               himself;               a               wax               museum               featuring               the               Presidents               of               the               United               States;               miniature               golf               course               named               after               the               Holy               Terror               Gold               Mine;               and               many               other               attractions.
               According               to               the               2000               census,               the               population               of               Keystone               was               only               311,               a               far               cry               from               the               2000               it               once               supported.[36]               After               mining               left               the               area,               Keystone,               like               all               other               mining               towns,               should               probably               have               died               out,               but               with               the               addition               of               Mount               Rushmore,               this               small               town               is               thriving               and               should               be               around               for               many               years               to               come.
               Works               Cited
               Books:
               Bower               Van               Nuys,               Laura.

The               Family               Band:               From               Missouri               to               the               Black               Hills               1881-1900.

Lincoln:               University               of               Nebraska               Press,               1961.
               Clark,               Badger.

"The               Mountain               that               had               its               Face               Lifted,"               in               The               Black               Hills,               ed.

Roderick               Peattie               (New               York:               The               Vanguard               Press,               1952),               222.
               Fielder,               Mildred.

A               Guide               to               Black               Hills               Ghost               Mines.

Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1972.
               Hayes,               Bob.

"Centennial-The               Keystone               Congregational               Church,               or               The               United               Church               of               Christ               (U.C.C.)."               In               Keystone               Area               Historical               SocietyWestRiver               History               Conference               September               14,               15,               &               16,               1995               Papers,               341-356.

Keystone,               SD:               Keystone               Area               Historical               Society,               1996.
               Hayes,               Bob.

"The               Power               Behind               the               Men               of               Mount               Rushmore."               In               Keystone               Area               Historical               SocietyWestRiver               History               Conference               September               14,               15,               &               16,               1995               Papers,               341-356.

Keystone,               SD:               Keystone               Area               Historical               Society,               1996.
               Linde,               Martha.

Rushmore's               GoldenValleys.

Keystone:               Permelia               Publishing,               1988.
               Rezatto,               Helen.

Tales               of               the               Black               Hills.

Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1983.
               Tallent,               Annie               D.

The               Black               Hills               of               Last               Hunting               Grounds               of               the               Dakotahs.

Sioux               Falls,               SD:               Brevet               Press,               1974.
               Zeitner,               June               Culp               and               Lincoln               Borglum.

Borglum's               Unfinished               Dream:               Mount               Rushmore.

Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1976.
               Online               Sites:
               Keystone               Chamber               of               Commerce.

"The               History               of               Keystone,               South               Dakota."               http://www.keystonechamber.com/history.html.
               Wikipedia.

"Keystone,               South               Dakota."               http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone,_South_Dakota.
               Notes
               [1]               Martha               Linde,               Rushmore's               Golden               Valleys               (Keystone:               Permelia               Publishing,               1988),               12-15.
               [2]               Keystone               Chamber               of               Commerce,               "The               History               of               Keystone,               South               Dakota,"               http://www.keystonechamber.com/history.html.
               [3]               Linde,               Rushmore's               Golden               Valleys               (Keystone:               Permelia               Publishing,               1988),               15-17.
               [4]               Ibid.,               18.
               [5]               Ibid.,               23-24.
               [6]               Ibid.,               77-78.
               [7]               The               dates               listed               here               are               inconsistent               between               two               reference               books.

For               more               information               see:               Linde,               Rushmore's               Golden               Valleys               (Keystone               :Permelia               Publishing,               1988),               80               and               Mildred               Fielder,               A               Guide               to               Black               Hills               Ghost               Mines               (Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1972),               215.
               [8]               Mildred               Fielder,               A               Guide               to               Black               Hills               Ghost               Mines               (Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1972),               216.
               [9]               Linde,               Rushmore's               Golden               Valleys               (Keystone:               Permelia               Publishing,               1988),               83.
               [10]               Annie               D.

Tallent,               The               Black               Hills               of               Last               Hunting               Grounds               of               the               Dakotahs               (Sioux               Falls,               SD:               Brevet               Press,               1974),               353.
               [11]               Linde,               Rushmore's               Golden               Valleys               (Keystone:               Permelia               Publishing,               1988),               84-85.
               [12]               Ibid.,               85.
               [13]               Fielder,               A               Guide               to               Black               Hills               Ghost               Mines               (Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1972),               207.
               [14]               Linde,               Rushmore's               Golden               Valleys               (Keystone:               Permelia               Publishing,               1988),               87.
               [15]               Fielder,               A               Guide               to               Black               Hills               Ghost               Mines               (Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1972),               209.
               [16]               Ibid.,               210.
               [17]               Bob               Hayes,               "Centennial-The               Keystone               Congregational               Church,               or               The               United               Church               of               Christ               (U.C.C.),"               in               Keystone               Area               Historical               SocietyWestRiver               History               Conference               September               14,               15,               &               16,               1995               Papers,               341-356               (Keystone,               SD:               Keystone               Area               Historical               Society,               1996),               343.
               [18]               Laura               Bower               Van               Nuys,               The               Family               Band:               From               Missouri               to               the               Black               Hills               1881-1900               (Lincoln:               University               of               Nebraska               Press,               1961),               227.
               [19]               Hayes,               "Centennial-The               Keystone               Congregational               Church,               or               The               United               Church               of               Christ               (U.C.C.),"               in               Keystone               Area               Historical               SocietyWestRiver               History               Conference               September               14,               15,               &               16,               1995               Papers,               341-356               (Keystone,               SD:               Keystone               Area               Historical               Society,               1996),               341-355.
               [20]               Linde,               Rushmore's               Golden               Valleys               (Keystone:               Permelia               Publishing,               1988),               95-96.
               [21]               Ibid.,               105.
               [22]               Keystone               Chamber               of               Commerce,               "The               History               of               Keystone,               South               Dakota,"               http://www.keystonechamber.com/history.html
               [23]Badger               Clark               "The               Mountain               that               had               its               Face               Lifted,"               in               The               Black               Hills,               ed.

Roderick               Peattie               (New               York:               The               Vanguard               Press,               1952),               222.
               [24]               Helen               Rezatto,               Tales               of               the               Black               Hills               (Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1983),               144.
               [25]               Ibid.,               143.
               [26]               June               Culp               Zeitner               and               Lincoln               Borglum,               Borglum's               Unfinished               Dream:               Mount               Rushmore               (Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1976),               30.
               [27]               Rezatto,               Tales               of               the               Black               Hills               (Aberdeen,               SD:               North               Plains               Press,               1983),               145-146.
               [28]               Ibid.,               148.
               [29]               Ibid.,               147.
               [30]               Bob               Hayes,               "The               Power               Behind               the               Men               of               Mount               Rushmore,"               in               Keystone               Area               Historical               Society               West               River               History               Conference               September               14,               15,               &               16,               1995               Papers,               341-356               (Keystone,               SD:               Keystone               Area               Historical               Society,               1996),               358-359.
               [31]               Clark               "The               Mountain               that               had               its               Face               Lifted,"               in               The               Black               Hills,               ed.

Roderick               Peattie               (New               York:               The               Vanguard               Press,               1952),               239.
               [32]               Hayes,               "The               Power               Behind               the               Men               of               Mount               Rushmore,"               in               Keystone               Area               Historical               SocietyWestRiver               History               Conference               September               14,               15,               &               16,               1995               Papers,               341-356               (Keystone,               SD:               Keystone               Area               Historical               Society,               1996),               360-362.
               [33]               Ibid.,               363-364.
               [34]               Ibid.,               365-367.
               [35]               Ibid.,               369-371.
               [36]               Wikipedia,               "Keystone,               South               Dakota,"               http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone,_South_Dakota






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