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Slavery brutalizes man. It was at a synod meeting of Lutheran bishops and ministers that Daniel Alexander Payne (1811-1893) first began to make a name on the national scene. In 1839, upon the occasion of his graduation from the Lutheran Theological Seminary in Gettysburg - the very place where a key Civil War battle would be fought in 1863 to help decide once and for all the fate of slavery in the United States - Payne delivered a rousing ordination address in support of a new report by the Franckean Synod of the Lutheran Church that called for an end to slavery. Payne's 'Slavery Brutalizes Man' address is seen as a key factor in the Franckean Synod's decision to accept and publish the report (1) and as a defining moment in the life of this remarkable educational leader. Clearly, it rivals the "I Have a Dream" sermon so readily identified with Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and with the movement for African American civil rights. Sadly, unlike King's "Dream" sermon, Payne's "Slavery Brutalizes Man" is largely unknown to the masses. While Payne carries served for more than 40 years as a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and was an ordained and seminary-trained minister, it would be most appropriate to consider him an educator first and a church leader second. Both aspects of his professional life, as an educator and church leader, are inspired by his faith in God and his understanding of the Gospel message that people are called to be in service to each other - regardless of skin color or other factors. This paper will examine Payne's personal history, take a brief look at the state of the nation's historically black colleges today and reflect upon the lasting legacy of Payne's advocacy for education. Bishop Daniel Alexander Payne Born into the so-called "Brown Elite" in Charleston, South Carolina to parents of mixed African, European and Native American heritage, Payne would see both of his parents die prior to his own 10th birthday. He would then be raised by an aunt and become a beneficiary of an organization created by a group of free Blacks who banded together to pay for the education of the community's "orphan or indigent colored children." Though this organization would eventually fold with the deaths of its founding members, Payne saw the lasting value the organization had created by providing him and other children with an education. Writing some 25 years after the organization folded, he commented that it had "done much good which continues to manifest itself both in Church and State." (Payne "Seventy Years" p. 14) Payne's first professional position was that of a private school teacher at a school he created and opened himself at age 18 in his hometown of Charleston, South Carolina, where he taught free Black children during the day and adult slaves during the evening. Payne would never veer far from those roots, continually seeking out a means to provide an education to all who would seek one. He would eventually become the first African-American to serve as a college president in North America, serving essentially as the founding president of Wilberforce University, which is located in west-central Ohio, roughly between the larger cities of Dayton and Columbus. Later the Payne Theological Seminary, now a free-standing seminary that evolved from the Wilberforce department of religion in the late 1800s, would be named in his honor and he would serve briefly as the president of that institution before his death. As a young man, as he was struggling financially in the first year of his private schooling operation, Payne was offered a job by a traveling British man who stopped in Charleston and was looking for a personal representative. According to Payne: Among the inducements he offered he said: "If you will go with me, the knowledge that you will acquire of men and things will be of far more value to you than the wages I will pay you. Do you know what makes the difference between the master and the slave? Nothing but superior knowledge." To which Payne replied: "If it is true that there is nothing but superior knowledge between the master and the slave, I will not go with you, but will rather go and obtain that knowledge which constitutes the master." (Payne, "Seventy Years" p. 20-21). Payne's focus was on his own education - and the education of others - from thereafter. Payne adopted the stance that it was not only slavery but also the lack of an education that "brutalizes a man." After Payne spent a couple years building up his private school, the state of South Carolina passed a law in 1835 that prohibited the teaching of Blacks, either free or slaves. The law was introduced in the state legislator by two representatives from Charleston in response to the growing success of Payne's school in that city. The closing of the school was a crushing blow to Payne. Looking for a new start, Payne headed north to Pennsylvania. He rejected a job as a missionary in his home church (Methodist Episcopal, South) and entered the Lutheran Seminary in Gettysburg. Two years later, upon his graduation from the Lutheran Seminary, in his "Slavery Brutalizes Man" address, he agonized over the lack of education opportunities for children of color: "Sir, I taught school in Charleston five years. In 1834 the legislature of our state enacted a law to prohibit colored teachers. My school was filled with children and youth of the most promising talents; and when I looked upon them and remembered that in a few more weeks this school shall be closed and I be permitted no more to teach them, notwithstanding I had been a professor seven years, I began to question the existence of the Almighty and to say, if indeed there is a God, does he deal justly? Is he a just God? Is he a holy Being? If so, why does he permit a handful of dying men thus to oppress us? Why does he permit them to hinder me from teaching these children, when nature, reason and Revelation command me to teach them? Thus I began to question the divine government and to murmur at the administration of His providence. And could I do otherwise, while slavery's cruelties were pressing and grinding my soul in the dust, and robbing me and my people of those privileges which it was hugging to its breast, and giving thousands to perpetuate the blessing which it was tearing away from us? Sir, the very man who made the law alluded to, did that very year, increase the property of South Carolina College." (Lutheran Herald, p. 113) Payne would serve as a Lutheran preacher for several years before injuring his throat and taking a temporary leave from preaching, he set up a school in Philadelphia. It was in Philadelphia that he was continually interacting with prominent churchmen in the growing African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. He was fully received into the AME church as a preacher in 1843 and was sent to service an AME church in Washington, D.C. While there, he organized the city's first pastoral association of "colored" ministers (Payne, "Seventy Years," p. 75) and began to advocate for an improved system of education for Black ministers. Payne developed the outline of a course of study that would serve the ministers, the Black Church and thereby glorify God. His plan would be printed over the next several months as the five "Epistles on the Education of the Ministry," which was published in what was then a national AME magazine, simply called "AME Church Magazine." (Campbell, p. 38). As with any new idea, Payne's proposals were not immediately embraced by many. There were significant leaders within the Black Church who opposed Payne's idea, worried about, among other things, creating a rift between the educated and the non-educated and by requiring man-provided education in a profession where leaders are ultimately called by God. Payne would not be dissuaded, however. He was concerned that too often in the AME Church, those who were able to "make the most noise" in the pulpit were considered to be the "greatest Christians." (Campbell, page 38.) Payne saw that emotion and a passion for the Gospel were only a first step in becoming a true Christian leader - both inside and outside the Church. From even before the days of his five "Epistles," Payne strongly believed that it was essential that ministers be professionally educated. Payne lamented that too often preachers would use language of Scripture that wasn't even found in the actual Bible, and that they would twist the meaning of what Scripture they did use to suit their own purposes. "The reason these preachers fail to understand biblical truth and are not holy and morally upright, is their lack of learning," he wrote in an 1859 sermon. (Payne, "Christian Ministry...") He used the words of 2 Timothy 4:13 as perhaps his strongest argument for an educated clergy: "Till I come, give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to doctrine." In his "Epistles," Payne also argued that he wanted to raise the level of church leadership and to show the society at large - including those racist aspects in the white community - that African Americans had the capacity to acquire, understand and make use of high degrees of education, thereby adding yet another argument to the growing northern call for an end to slavery. While state-sponsored slavery has been heroically and mercifully stamped out in the U.S., the debate over a professionally-educated clergy continues even to this day. Only now, in addition to the challenges of the past, a new type of education gap for ministers has arisen. There is a growing demand by middle-class African Americans that their ministers be educated at the graduate level. In a 2009 study on "Tensions in Ministry" Dr. Michael Joseph Brown, an AME itinerant elder and seminary professor in Atlanta, identified "Educational Disparity between Laity and Clergy" as one of four key areas of tension for ministers in the AME Church in particular and in both the Black and White church in general. As Payne argued that strong education would help the people's leaders in both "church and state," Brown points out that in the Black pastor's role as a voice for his/her people in the public arena, it is imperative that a well-educated minister be in place. Brown writes: "One of the places where education might help our clergy most is in the analysis of public policy issues. As one scholar pointed out, there is a major weakness in public policy analysis advocacy at the national level by black church denominations. Yet, there is still another problem. The majority of clergy in the USA do not receive any training in public policy analysis as part of their education in divinity schools. For African American clergy, whose role as religious and community leaders often intersects with politics, that kind of training in public policy is imperative." (Brown) Payne would continue to serve in pastorates in Washington D.C. and then in nearby Baltimore for several years, as well as adding the duties of the "histiographer" of the AME Church in 1848, assigned to compile the history of the church. At the AME's General Conference of 1852, held in New York City, he was elected as a bishop of the church, an honor that humbled him greatly: "I trembled from head to foot, and wept. I knew that I was unworthy the office, because I had neither the physical strength, the learning, nor the sanctity which makes one fit for such a high, holy, and responsible position." (Payne, "Seventy Years," p. 109) In fact, about a year prior to the 1852 conference, Payne writes that he first began to learn that his election to the office of bishop was likely and that he prayed and regularly asked God to "call him home," rather than have him elected to an office to which he was not worthy. From 1852, to the very end of his life in 1893, he continued to serve as a bishop, traveling extensively on church business, including two trips to Europe. On an April evening in 1862, Payne was privileged to meet his second sitting president of the United States (he had previously briefly been introduced to President Zachary Taylor). In April 1862, on the night before President Abraham Lincoln would sign the law emancipating all slaves in the District of Columbia, Payne had a brief audience with the president at the White House. Lincoln, who was generally seen as being in favor of emancipation, was that night weighing the pros and the cons of signing the Congressionally-passed legislation to free the slaves in the federal district of Washington. With the Civil War in its early stages, it was uncertain how Lincoln would act, given concerns over the timing of signing such legislation. It is unknown how much of an impact Payne's brief conversation with the president may have had on Lincoln's decision to not only sign that piece of legislation but to issue the much broader Emancipation Proclamation about six months later. Obviously, Payne's anti-slavery position was well-known and he shared it emphatically with the president. No doubt Payne's passionate views on the issue played at least a small role in Lincoln's decision-making process and actions. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation would eventually cause an estimated four million people to gain their freedom. Though Payne's role in that process was small, if that was his only contribution to the human race, he could justifiably be called a hero. During the period when Payne was a bishop in the AME Church, the church was enjoying rapid growth, due in no small part to the conclusion of and the resulting after-effects of the U.S. Civil War. Payne was among the thoughtful but forceful leaders in this time who expanded the AME into the Deep South. During this period of growth, the Episcopal districts of the AME Church were re-drawn several times and new districts were added as new congregations in new areas continued to enter the denomination. As a result, Payne served as bishop over several different districts, including long periods when he would serve as the bishop in two different districts at the same time. Beginning in 1855, among Payne's areas of responsibility were the states of Indiana and Ohio. In the 1850s, around the area that is now the town of Wilberforce, Ohio, a group of free blacks, led prominently by Payne and several other AME delegates, and area white businessmen formed a corporation to create a university to service the area black populace. That area of Ohio was an active stop along the Underground Railroad and the general mood of the region was highly supportive of this new educational institution. With backing from both the white and black leadership of the area, Wilberforce - named for English abolitionist William Wilberforce - met with early success until the Civil War broke out in earnest, siphoning away both enrollment and financial support. Wilberforce closed its doors in 1862, but Payne would not be deterred. Working with others, he arranged for the AME Church to purchase the university's facilities and Wilberforce re-opened in 1863. From 1863 through 1877, Payne would serve as the president of the University, will simultaneously continuing to serve as a presiding bishop in the AME Church. Wilberforce would grow and prosper during Payne's leadership, as he laid the foundation for a school that continues to prosper to this day. Thanks in part to Payne's sound leadership at Wilberforce, in 1887 the state of Ohio began to provide funds for the operation of a "normal and vocational department at the school," which trained teachers and vocational workers. Payne's dream of providing education to all took a major step forward with this development as the state was now helping to finance the education of black teachers who would then teach more and more black children. What a far cry this was from the 1834 law in South Carolina that shut down his little school for 60 black children! (Wilberforce) Wilberforce University has spawned the creation of two other educational institutions. In 1947, the 'normal' and vocational department of the school broke off to form what is today known as Central State University, which is also located in Wilberforce, Ohio. As one of Payne's passions was education specifically aimed at the training of men for service in ordained ministry, several actions were taken at Wilberforce to this end. Shortly after its re-founding, the assets of a nearby AME-sponsored seminary which had closed several years previous due to lack of financial support were transferred to Wilberforce. The university would use these assets to create a theological department in 1866. In 1871, Wilberforce's board and the AME leadership approved a plan to organize a seminary in the town of Wilberforce to be named after Payne. Eventually, the theological department at Wilberforce was then split off into a separate school and in 1894, Payne Theological Seminary (PTS) was incorporated as a separate institution "for the purpose of promoting education, religion and morality by the education of persons for the Christian ministry and missionaries for the redemption of Africa and other foreign lands." (Payne Theological Seminary) Beginning in 1892 and continuing through his death in 1893, Payne would serve as president of the steering committee for this new seminary. PTS continues to operate under a mandate from the AME Church and was among the first historically Black seminaries to be fully accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the U.S. and Canada (ATS), the major accreditation body for seminaries. PTS' current president, Rev. Dr. Leah Gaskin Fitchue, continues to use Payne as an inspiration and a standard-bearer for the seminary. In reporting upon PTS' most recent (and highly successful) accreditation visit by ATS, in early 2009, Fitchue wrote, "As (PTS) moves forward, the wisdom of our founder, Bishop Daniel Alexander Payne, continues to be the torch of our inspiration: 'So high a mission, so holy a calling.'" (Fitchue) Today, PTS is one of four seminaries affiliated with the AME Church in the U.S. (A fifth is located in Africa.) It is on the one hand ironic and on the other perhaps not surprising that a woman now leads the seminary named in Payne's honor. Throughout his career of advocating for educational opportunities, he did not neglect the needs of woman to be educated. Payne was, however, sternly against women having a place in the pulpit. Was it that even in his own vigorous approach to ensure that his African-American brothers were educated that he forgot his sisters? It appears that his view of limited roles for women in church leadership were based on his honest interpretation of Scripture, rather than on any cultural rules about the roles of women, as he clearly favored the education of women, both in Christian education and in the liberal arts. While the vast majority of his own students were male, he supported the work of several women who created academic schools for women. While pastoring the Bethel AME Church in Baltimore, he was approached by a White woman who sought out Payne's guidance as she was planning on opening a school for "colored girls" in Washington D.C. Payne relates in his "Seventy Years" that he strongly counseled here that she would face a difficult path. The woman was strong in both her faith and her conviction and moved ahead with her plan. As predicted, she was quickly ostracized by the White community and eventually sought refuge by becoming a member of Payne's Bethel AME Church. To Payne's disgust, many of the prominent members of his own church sought to avoid their new White church member. Payne berated those who behaved in what he viewed as well below the standards of Christian charity. Thanks to Payne's intervention, the woman eventually became a teacher within the Bethel AME Church and continued her membership there long after his departure from that pulpit and even after her school for girls was forced to close in D.C. Payne also advocated a system of teaching mothers the skills needed to teach their own children and to train them in the ways of the church. To this end, while at Bethel, Payne organized the first church Mothers' Association, a movement which quickly spread throughout the AME Church. As a result of the curse of slavery, which wrecked a terrible toll on the ability of many, many African-American families to stay intact, Payne was concerned about the stability of the home, even within the free Black community. The Mothers' Association mission was to enable mothers to aid each other in the training of their children, particularly their daughters, and to create in them an appreciation of not only the Gospel message, but the importance of the family and home life. Said Payne: "Perhaps the greatest curse which American slavery entailed was the destruction of the home. No home, no mother; no mother, no home. But what is home without a cultivated intellect, and what is the value of such an intellect without a cultivated heart?" (Smith, Payne, p. 87) Historically Black Colleges Today, about 120 institutions across the U.S. are considered to be either "Historically Black Colleges" or a "Primarily Black Institution," though this number in some cases includes satellite campuses or related facilities, such as a medical school, of the primary institution. Even with this, there are still more than 75 separate, accredidated institutions, clustered primarily in what where once Confederate States, that serve a primarily African-American population. Most of them were created in the years following the Civil War when emancipation offered new opportunities to millions of people, though a couple, such as Wilberforce, can trace their roots to just prior to the Civil War. While Payne's story stands out as particularly fascinating - his rise from a Black orphan in the pre-Civil War South to become a college president is incredibly inspirational - Payne was far from alone in having a zeal to provide quality education to people of color. The AME Church alone is, or was, the primary sponsor of about a dozen colleges or universities. Other church groups and church leaders, in denominations both historically black and white, played a key role in the establishment of virtually every one of the nation's historically black colleges or universities (HBCU). While there have obviously been significant advancements in racial equality since the days of the U.S. Civil War. HBCUs continue not only to exist but to serve an important role in the U.S. higher education scene. According to 2008 data from the National Center for Education Statistics, while HBCUs make up only three percent of the total number of the nation's colleges and universities, they produce 23 percent of the nation's African-American graduates. Further, HBCU graduates now comprise 65% of all black doctors, 50% of all black engineers and 35% of all black lawyers. (Clyburn) Finally, 70 percent of students who attend HBCUs are classified as low income and half of the HBCU student population receives Pell Grants, compared to 27 percent of students at other institutions. (White House) Given these statistics, many see the ongoing existence of HBCUs as critical to the welfare and ongoing existence of an African-American middle and professional class. Further, U.S. Rep. James E. Clyburn, a Democrat from South Carolina, and, as the House's Majority Whip, one of the highest ranking African-Americans in federal government (second to President Barak Obama, naturally), states that HBCUs are critical in many ways that cannot be measured. He wrote: "Many of the benefits of HBCUs are intangible like the sense of empowerment and self confidence students report they gain on these campuses. And, because many HBCU students come from low income families, and are the first in their families to attend college, they find a sense of camaraderie and support on these campuses they might not enjoy at non-HBCU institutions." (Clyburn) In releasing the plans to make funds available to HBCU's as part of the 2009 economic bailout plan, officially known as the American Recovery and Re-investment Act (ARRA), U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said: "HBCUs cannot simply survive. They have to thrive. The historical importance of these schools cannot be overstated. Their relevance today is as great as at any time in the past." (White House) Despite this clear and necessary ongoing role for HBCUs, many of them are struggling financially. Many of them are in financial hardship of one degree or another. An excessive amount of debt can cause a school to lose its accreditation, which could further hasten a downward spiral. In the past 30 years or so, more than a dozen HBCUs have closed their doors and many others continue to teeter on financially shaky ground. (Kimbrough) This financial concern at many of the nation's HBCUs is one reason why the federal ARRA included a provision for additional funding for these institutions. What the long-term future is for many of them remains to be seen. Reflections on Payne's Legacy While this paper primarily focused on Payne's work as an educator, he was not without accomplishments and controversy in other aspects of his work during his 41 years as an AME bishop. Payne played a significant leadership role in the expansion of the AME into the post-Civil War South. Payne also created a great deal of controversy over his desired standards for music and worship in the AME Church. Both of these topics are interesting, but beyond the scope of this paper. Likewise, his views on women in the pulpit bear closer examination. Even with these other considerations, Payne must be looked at chiefly as an advocate for education. Payne's leadership role in the AME Church is considered second only to that of Bishop Richard Allen, the AME's founder. "After Bishop Allen, no other person has had such an impact on the shape and direction of the African Methodist Episcopal Church than Bishop Payne," wrote Rev. Dr. Mark Kelly Tyler, who is currently the senior pastor at the Mother Bethel AME Church in Philadelphia, in a Nov. 30, 2009, blog noting that Payne's 200th birthday is rapidly approaching. "Payne was a controversial figure, to be certain, and his legacy needs to be better understood by a contemporary audience in that much of what we know today to be "AME" had to do with his policies and practices." (Tyler) In numerous biographies of Bishop Payne, one aspect is always mentioned in the introduction of the article - his groundbreaking status as the first African-American to become a college president in the United States. That he rose from being an orphan born in a slave state to achieve this status makes even all that much more amazing. While Payne's ability to become educated himself is a remarkable story, his ultimate legacy continues to this day at Wilberforce University, Central State University and Payne Theological Seminary where students of color continue to receive a quality education. His demand for an educated Black clergy, specifically within the AME Church is a proud legacy that any group of churches could and should be proud of. It is discouraging to me that I only learned of Bishop Payne's life because of this paper. No doubt I had seen his face or heard his name in some fleeting Black History Month presentation, but it had failed to make a lasting register. Based on my reading and short history of knowing more about Payne, I would place him among the short list of people that all Americans should be aware of, easily rivaling the Civil Rights leaders of the 1950s and 1960s in prominence among African-Americans and rubbing shoulders with the likes of Lincoln when being considered for overall lasting impact on the nation. Fortunately for the modern scholar, Payne's wonderfully complete autobiography "Recollections of Seventy Years," has been preserved and is available on-line in its entirety through the "Documenting the American South" project at the University of North Carolina, allowing his story to be shared with future readers. Bibliography Blackpast.org. "Payne, Daniel Alexander (1811-1893)" Web: Dec. 28, 2009. Brown, Michael Joseph. "Tensions in Ministry" The Christian Recorder. Dec. 23, 2009. Web: Dec. 28, 2009. Campbell, James T. "Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa." Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 1998 Candler School of Theology Web site. History. Web: Dec. 27, 2009. Clyburn, James E. "HBCUs: Institutions for Past, Present & Future." Congressional Statement, Feb. 18, 2004. Web: Dec. 27, 2009. Endo, Sandra (reporter) "Black colleges struggling". CNN. Aired Aug. 12, 2009. Web: Dec. 28, 2009. Fitchue, Leah Gaskin. "Payne Theological Seminary Awarded Ten-Year Accreditation by the Association of Theological Schools." Christian Recorder. March 5, 2009. Web: Dec. 28, 2009 Kimbrough, Walter M. "No band, no sound: is this the HBCU story?" Black Issues in Higher Education, July 3, 2003. Lutheran Herald and Journal of the Fort Plain, N.Y., Franckean Synod 1:15 (August 1, 1839), pages 113-14. Web: Dec. 29, 2009. Payne Theological Seminary. About us: History. Web: Dec. 28, 2009 Payne, Daniel A. "The Christian Ministry: Its Moral and Intellectual Character (1859)," The Faithful Preacher, 91-95; as quoted by Lair, Bryan J. "Preaching and Teaching Future Pastors and Present Parishioners: The Ministry of Daniel Payne" One Resolve blog. Nov. 12, 2007. Web: Dec. 29, 2009. Payne, Daniel A. "Recollections of Seventy Years." AME Sunday School Union. Nashville, Tenn. 1888. Web: Dec. 20-30, 2009. Smith, Charles Spencer and Payne, Daniel Alexander. "A history of the African Methodist Episcopal church. First reprinting, l968, Johnson Reprint Corp. Detroit. "Strengthening Our Nation's Historically Black Colleges and Universities" Statement by the White House. Undated. Web: Dec. 29, 2009. Stange, Douglas C. "Bishop Daniel Alexander Payne's Protestation of American Slavery" The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 52, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp. 59-64 Tyler, Mark Kelly."Bishop Daniel Payne's 200th Birthday is fast approaching." AME History Notes blog. Nov. 30, 2009. Web: Dec. 28, 2009. Wilberforce University website. History. Web: Dec. 27, 2009. |
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